How to Decide Between the IELTS or TOEFL Exams

Step by step instructions to Decide Between the IELTS or TOEFL Exams Congrats! You are presently prepared to take a significant universally perceived test so as to demonstrate your dominance of the English language. The main issue is that there are various tests to look over! Two of the most significant tests are the TOEFL and the IELTS. Regularly it is the understudies decision with respect to which one they need to take since the two tests are acknowledged as meeting the passage necessities for scholarly settings. Be that as it may, at times, the IELTS is mentioned for visa purposes to Canadian or Australian migration. On the off chance that this isn't the situation, you have considerably more to look over and might need to survey this manual for picking an Engish test before you settle on the IELTS or TOEFL. Choosing Which One to Take Here are a few focuses to mull over before you conclude whether to take the IELTS or the TOEFL test. These inquiries are significant on the grounds that the IELTS test is kept up by the University of Cambridge, while the TOEFL test is given by ETS, a US organization situated in New Jersey. The two tests are additionally extraordinary in how the test is controlled. Observe your answers: Do you need the IELTS or the TOEFL for scholastic English? In the event that you need the IELTS or TOEFL for scholarly English, at that point continue responding to these inquiries. In the event that you dont need the IELTS or TOEFL for scholastic English, for instance for migration, take the general rendition of the IELTS. It is a lot simpler than either the IELTS scholarly form or the TOEFL!Are you progressively alright with North American or British/UK pronunciations? In the event that you have more involvement in British English (or Australian English), accept the IELTS as jargon and accents tend more towards British English. On the off chance that you watch a ton of Hollywood films and like US colloquial language, pick the TOEFL as it reflects American English.Do you feel progressively great with a wide scope of North American jargon and informal articulations or British English jargon and colloquial articulations? Same answer as above! IELTS for British English TOEFL for Americ an English.Can you type moderately quick? As you will peruse beneath in the area on key contrasts between the IELTS or TOEFL, the TOEFL necessitates that you type your articles in the composed segment of the test. On the off chance that you type gradually, we would unequivocally suggest accepting the IELTS as you handwrite your paper reactions. Would you like to complete the test as fast as could be expected under the circumstances? On the off chance that you become very anxious during a test and need the experience to end as fast as posable, the decision between IELTS or TOEFL is simpler. The TOEFL keeps going around four hours, though the IELTS is fundamentally shorter - around 2 hours 45 minutes. Keep in mind, notwithstanding, that shorter doesn't really mean easier!Do you feel great with a wide scope of inquiry types? The TOEFL test is comprised of on the whole numerous decision questions. The IELTS, then again, has an a lot more extensive scope of inquiry types including various decision, hole fill, coordinating activities, and so on. On the off chance that you don't feel good with various decision questions, the TOEFL isn't the test for you.Are you capable at taking notes? Note taking is significant on both the IELTS and the TOEFL. Nonetheless, it is considerably more basic on the TOEFL test. As you will peruse undern eath, the listening area, specifically, relies upon note-accepting aptitudes in the TOEFL as you answer inquiries after you have tuned in to a more drawn out determination. The IELTS poses you to answer inquiries as you tune in to the test. Significant Differences Reading:TOEFL - You will have 3 to 5 perusing choices of twenty minutes each. Perusing materials are scholarly in nature. Questions are different choice.IELTS - 3 perusing choices of twenty minutes each. Materials are, as on account of the TOEFL, identified with a scholarly setting. There are various sort questions (hole fill, coordinating, etc.)Listening:TOEFL - The listening choice totally different from the IELTS. In the TOEFL, you will have 40 to an hour worth of listening choices from talks or grounds discussions. Take notes and react to numerous decision questions.IELTS - The biggest contrast between the two tests is in tuning in. In the IELTS test, there are a more extensive assortment of inquiry types, just as activities of varying lengths. You will respond to inquiries as you travel through the listening determination of the test.Writing:TOEFL - Two composed undertakings are required on the TOEFL and all composing is done on the PC. Errand one includes composing a five-secti on paper of 300 to 350 words. Note taking is significant as the subsequent undertaking requests that you take notes from a perusing determination in a course reading and afterward a talk on a similar subject. You are then approached to react utilizing notes by composing a 150-to 225-word choice incorporating both the perusing and listening selection.IELTS - The IELTS likewise has two errands: the initial a short paper of 200 to 250 words. The second IELTS composing task requests that you take a gander at an infographic, for example, a diagram or graph and sum up the data introduced. Speaking:TOEFL - Once again the talking segment contrasts extraordinarily between the TOEFL and the IELTS tests. On the TOEFL you are approached to record reactions on the PC of 45 to 60 seconds to six unique inquiries dependent on short portrayals/discussions. The talking segment of the test keeps going 20 minutes.IELTS - The IELTS talking segment endures from 12 to 14 minutes and happens with an inspector, instead of a PC as on the TOEFL. There is a short warm-up practice comprising for the most part of casual conversation, trailed by a reaction to a visual upgrade and, at last, a progressively expanded conversation on a related theme.

Creating atmosphere

Making an environment of resistance, acknowledgment and caring requires a predictable exertion to comprehend the understudies who originate from various societies. It is essential to treat their social and semantic foundations as substantial and equivalent to our own experience. Regarding their societies as significant and decent makes an air of shared trust and joint effort among the understudies. The more extensive comprehension ought to reflect in each part of the scholastic organization. Building multicultural study hall is a progressing procedure and it requires steady venture of time, cash and effort.The assorted variety of understudies in the present homerooms underscores the significance of creating educational programs, showing systems, and strategies to enable all understudies to prevail in school. (Ingram, 2000) The decent variety of understudies in the study hall calls for making an air of mindful, understanding, and tolerating different societies. Regarding the way of li fe as substantial, equivalent and significant is essential in making a climate that fills trust in both the educator and the taught.Creating such an air becomes unthinkable except if the specialists who run the organization put stock in the way of thinking of getting, acknowledgment and regard for different societies. The way toward making an environment of resilience and acknowledgment starts with the very statement of purpose of the establishment. The issues and needs of multi-social study hall ought to be dissected and comprehended and the gaining from the equivalent ought to reflect in the move plan.The examination should make into account the issues and difficulties of the employees, the feelings of trepidation and questions of the understudies and the various parts of organization of the school the executives. At the point when each division in the establishment follows a similar activity plan and theory and show a similar soul it gets simpler for the understudies to guzzle th e equivalent. Particularly in the study hall where individuals from five diverse ethnic gatherings are available, the subject of making an environment of resilience, acknowledgment and caring accomplishes more noteworthy significance.The study hall which has understudies from India, China, Kenya, Arabia, and Europeans alongside the local understudies, it is generally fundamental to cultivate a climate of certainty and opportunity for the understudies to have a sound scholarly development. The acknowledgment and acknowledgment of understudies from all foundations and culture is fundamental to the idea of multi-social training. Multicultural training is a change development whose significant objective is to change the structure of instructive organizations with the goal that all understudies have an equivalent opportunity to accomplish scholastically in school.(Mungai, 2008) The decent variety of understudies in the homeroom makes it all the more trying for the personnel and the organ ization to make an environment of acknowledgment, resistance, and trust. For the understudies the study hall not just opens up another of universe of learning encounters yet additionally challenges them in understanding, inviting and tolerating new societies of different understudies. The job of the instructor in that multi-social homeroom gains more prominent essentialness as he is tested with the twofold assignment of showing the subject and making an environment of care and understanding.Teachers grasping multiculturalism will offer for a portion of their understudies the main potential for success to have in the focal point of life’s stage. They will show that the fair standards on which this nation was established apply to their school life and to their own lives. (Josephine Scott, 2001) Teachers feel it an overwhelming undertaking to manage the understudies viably in a multi social study hall. Monitoring their shortcomings and downsides in managing a wide range of under studies is useful in beating those challenges.When managing understudies it isn't uncommon for certain educators to feel great with certain understudies and awkward with certain different understudies. Normally it will leave various impacts on the understudies and it might likewise impact in offering evaluations to the understudies. Subsequently, assessment of instructing practices and homeroom conduct and thinking about similar assumes a urgent job in adjusting the methodology of the instructors. Welcoming different educators and taking input from understudies and companions will go far in beating a large number of the problems.Making the substance of the exercises multi social in subjects, however it is beyond the realm of imagination in all the subjects, will open the understudies to various societies. Teacher’s self appraisal about his degree of cognizance and attention to different races, religion and societies encourages him a ton in arranging the homeroom movement viab ly. Discussing the significant job of instructors in making a multicultural homeroom, Betty Wilson features the significance of educators learning of new cultures.She says: I believe it's significant for instructors to know their own societies well overall and study their own societies, since then they start to turn out to be progressively intelligent audience members. They take a gander at others' societies from an alternate perspective, and they start to see the similitudes and contrasts in their societies. It turns into an excursion in a homeroom of learning, in light of the fact that by the instructor sharing their own way of life, at that point the understudies are progressively open to that. (Wilson, 2000)As Betty Wilson, the chief of multicultural instruction at Oak Park School, appropriately brings up learning different societies will be an improving encounter This requests not just learning new things and developing new propensities yet in addition unlearning old propensiti es and convictions. An asset place wealthy in answers for the instructors tackles a large number of the problems of the educator of multi-social homeroom. Sharing the encounters of other employees over the college or different establishments will be colossally valuable for unraveling a considerable lot of the issues in the everyday exercises in the class room.Creating open doors for knowing different societies about their history and current circumstance and issues ought to be made a piece of scholarly educational programs. Anticipating grounds or off grounds occasions instructors and their associate will have a superior comprehension of the necessities of youngsters who are individuals from various societies. A multi-social festival day is an awesome thought for all the understudies who originate from various societies to communicate openly and to perceive and comprehend the significance of other cultures.Setting up a release board that gives equivalent significance to all the five distinct societies without offending of others is significant advance in declaring the multi-social celebration. The board gives sufficient space to showing the significant or delegate images all the way of life that are available in the study hall. Doling out the work to the understudies to make their own banner communicating their social qualities and images supports all the understudies and includes each understudy in the work. Checking their work with no impedance in their innovative articulation is a fragile errand and it ought to be managed very sensitively.Giving clear guidelines ahead of time will fathom numerous fragile issues. For instance, educating the understudies unmistakably the spot of their banner on the release board following a target strategy like the in order request maintains a strategic distance from scope for strife. Truth be told, to make multicultural homeroom is a constant procedure. It doesn't end with a multicultural celebration. It requires cautious a rranging and careful execution over some undefined time frame to build up unequivocally a base for multicultural homeroom condition. It won't occur in a day or a semester.It is a requesting work for long lasting including learning and unlearning. Making a solid multicultural study hall isn't only crafted by the class instructor as it were. It needs dynamic support of each instructing and non showing staff individual from the organization. The help and initiative of the specialists who run the establishment and the cooperation of the considerable number of offices are the establishment on which the structure of a multicultural study hall can be assembled. Obviously, the procedure will undoubtedly have certain intermittent disappointments and mishaps yet the procedure ought to be a continuous one.It requires a great deal of assurance, time, exertion and cash and the venture of all these merit fabricating a multicultural world for an upbeat and sound conjunction. It requires a drawn ou t speculation, an interest in our own development and change just as in our understudies and in the college and society of which they and we will keep on being a section. (Imprint Chesler, 2003) References Chesler Mark (2003) Teaching Well in the Diverse/Multicultural Classroom http://www. aahea. organization/notices/articles/human science. htm Ingram Arlette Willis (2000) Addressing Literacy Needs in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Classrooms.http://www. ncrel. organization/sdrs/regions/issues/content/cntareas/perusing/li400. htm Mungai Anne,(2008) Help! I Am Not Prepared for A Diverse Classroom http://www. cluteinstitute-onlinejournals. com/Programs/Puerto_Rico_2008/Article%20123%20Mungai. pdf Scott Josephine (2001). Meeting the Diverse Needs of All Students http://www. eduplace. com/science/profdev/articles/scott. html Wilson Bette (2000) An Interview at North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. http://www. ncrel. organization/sdrs/zones/issues/content/cntareas/perusin g/wilson1trns. htm A Sample Bulletin Board to be made

The Largest Specialty Areas in Psychology

The Largest Specialty Areas in Psychology Student Resources Careers Print Specialty Areas in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 Willie B. Thomas / Taxi / Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips In This Article Table of Contents Expand Clinical Psychology Counseling Experimental Psychology Forensic Psychology Human Factors Psychology Industrial-Organizational School Psychology Social Psychology View All Back To Top What are some of the major specialty areas of psychology? Psychology is remarkably diverse with a tremendous range of specialty areas. Psychologists frequently choose to specialize in a subfield that is focused on a particular subject within psychology. Many of these specialty areas in psychology require graduate study in a given area of interest. Learn more about some of the largest subfields in which psychologists work. Lets take a closer look at a few major specialty areas in psychology. Clinical Psychology Clinical psychologists make up the single largest specialty area in psychology. Clinicians are psychologists who assess, diagnose and treat mental illnesses. They frequently work in mental health centers, private or group practices or hospitals. Within the area of clinical psychology, there are also a number of sub-specialty areas. Some professionals are generalists and work with a wide range of clients while others specialize in treating certain types of psychological disorders or a certain age group. For example, some clinical psychologists might work in a hospital setting with individuals suffering from brain injuries or neurological conditions. Other clinical psychologists might work in a mental health center to counsel individuals or families coping with stress, mental illness, substance abuse or personal problems. Clinical psychologists usually perform a broad range of tasks on a daily basis such as interviewing patients, conducting assessments, giving diagnostic tests, performing psychotherapy and administering programs. Work settings can vary based on the particular population that a clinician is working with. Typical work settings include hospitals, schools, universities, prisons, mental health clinics, and private practices. There are also a number of different sub-specialty areas within clinical psychology, including health psychology, neuropsychology, and geropsychology. According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, health psychologists are focused on promoting healthy behaviors. Neuropsychologists focus on investigating the relationship between the brain and behavior. Geropsychologists specialize in treating the special concerns of elderly populations. Clinical Psychology Careers Counseling Psychology Counseling psychologists make up another large specialty area in psychology. These professionals perform many of the same tasks that clinical psychologists do, but counseling psychologists tend to work with clients suffering from less severe forms of mental illness. Counseling psychology focuses on providing therapeutic treatments to clients who experience a wide variety of symptoms. The Society of Counseling Psychology describes the field as a psychological specialty [that] facilitates personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan with a focus on emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental and organizational concerns. Counseling Psychologist Careers Experimental Psychology Experimental psychologists (or research psychologists) conduct research on the behavior of humans and animals. They often work at universities, private research centers, government agencies, and nonprofit organizations. Some major areas of research include substance abuse, genetics, neuroscience, motivation, and cognitive processes. Experimental Psychology Careers Forensic Psychology Forensic psychologists work in the specialty area that deals with the intersection of psychology and the law. Forensic psychologists are often involved in custody disputes, insurance claims, and lawsuits. Some professionals work in family courts and offer psychotherapy services, perform child custody evaluations, investigate reports of child abuse and conduct visitation risk assessments. Those working in the civil courts often assess competency, provide second opinions and provide psychotherapy to crime victims. Professionals working in criminal courts conduct evaluations of mental competency, work with child witnesses and provide an assessment of juvenile and adult offenders. Forensic Psychology Careers Human Factors Psychology Human factors is a specialty area of psychology that focuses on a range of different topics, including ergonomics, workplace safety, human error, product design, human capability, and human-computer interaction. In fact, the terms human factors and ergonomics are often used synonymously, with human factors being commonly used in the United States and ergonomics in Europe. Human factors involve applying the principles of psychology in designing products and creating work environments that boost productivity while minimizing safety issues. The field of human factors formally began during World War II, when a range of experts worked together to improve the safety of airplanes. Since that time, human factors psychology has continued to grow and today plays an important role in many other fields, including computing, manufacturing, product design, engineering, military, and government industries. What Makes Human Factors Psychology Different? Industrial-Organizational Psychology Industrial-organizational psychology focuses on workplace behavior and is one of the fastest-growing specialty areas in psychology. The Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychologists (SIOP) describes I-O psychology as a field that tries to understand and measure human behavior to improve employees satisfaction in their work, employers ability to select and promote the best people, and to generally make the workplace better for the men and women who work there. The rising demand for skilled psychologists has led to an increase in the number of university programs offering degrees in industrial-organizational psychology. I-O psychologists perform a variety of functions, including hiring qualified employees, conducting tests, designing products, creating training courses and performing research on different aspects of the workplace. Industrial-Organizational Psychology Careers School Psychology School psychologists are part of a specialty area that involves working within the educational system to help children with emotional, social and academic issues. The goal of school psychology is to collaborate with parents, teachers, and students to promote a healthy learning environment that focuses on the needs of children. School psychologists work with individual students and groups of students to deal with behavioral problems, academic difficulties, disabilities, and other issues. They also work with teachers and parents to develop techniques to deal with home and classroom behavior. Other tasks include training students, parents, and teachers about how to manage crisis situations and substance abuse problems. School Psychologist Career Earnings and Outlook Social Psychology Social psychologists are focused on understanding how interactions with other people impact individual and group behavior. These professionals often work in areas such as market research, organizational management, systems design, and other applied areas. Prominent areas of study include group behavior, leadership, attitudes, and perception. Social Psychologist Career Overview

Enviar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

The Oil Industry s Major Player Petrobras - 1562 Words

Introduction The article of discussion is been published in The Economist on 7th Feb 2015, it’s about the Brazil’s oil industry’s major player Petrobras ( Pitfall at Petrobras , 2015). Petrobras is tangled in scandals money laundering, commissions paid to politicians for favour’s, and targeted for artificially inflating the company real vale from the investor to raise debit which eventually led for the resignation of the only women CEO of oil an company .Will the change in such top ranking official fix the problems of this oil giant and how will it effects on its economy, global image and future investments, in such a volatile market were the price of oil is highly dependent on the consumer demand internationally. Real change in company’s culture strong Global leadership skilled CEO (Expert power) is needed to bring the change. Analysis The reducing oil prices in the past months over production by OPEC nations, new oil field breakthrough done by other nations has kept the price of the crude oil to its lowest since the GFC. World is heavily dependent on oil and gas to meet its energy and other demands, which is met by few oil gas producing countries who has this natural resource in abundance and brazil is one of them, it hold 15.6 billion barrels proven oil reserves as per oil regulatory authority, comes next to Venezuela in South America. Most of the reserves are offshore hidden deep beneath the ocean bed known as Presalt oil which makes 94% of the total BrazilianShow MoreRelatedIntroduction. Total S.A. (Total) Is An Integrated Multinational3614 Words   |  15 Pagesintegrated multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Courbevoie, France. As one of the the top ten oil companies in the world by production volume, Total is traditionally considered to be one of the six publicly owned companies comprising th e â€Å"Supermajors†, or in less formal terminology, â€Å"Big Oil† (Rapier, 2016). With geographical and historical proximity to Africa and the Middle East, Total exercised deep cultural and national ties to create a srong value chain for regional oil and gas productionRead MoreChallenges in Oil Gas Industry5117 Words   |  21 PagesCurrent Emerging Challenges in Global Oil Gas Industry Submitted By: ABHISHEK KUMAR ROLL – 02 PGDM - IB Under the Guidance of: Prof. C P JOSHI HOD (Strategy, International Business General Management) Current Emerging Challenges in Global Oil Gas Industry 1. Topic: Current Emerging Challenges in Global Oil Gas Industry 2. Objective: This seminar paper aims to briefly analyse the current challenges faced by Global Oil Gas companies and its impact on the global energyRead MoreInstitutional Environment and Growth in Brazil6166 Words   |  25 Pagesand its relation to economic growth. Even though no clear-cut distinction exists between institutions and organisations, we have chosen to adapt North’s (1991) definition of institutions as â€Å"the rules of the game† and organisations as the different players. Further we adapt a sociological view on actions in markets, which conceptualises Fligstein’s institutional framework related to the relationship between state and firms in the development of an economy. His main findings relate to how â€Å"politicsRead MoreExxon Mobile Capstone40455 Words   |  162 Pages............................................................1   EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................................2   Major  Issues ........................................................................................................................................................................2   Key  Analysis.........................................................Read MoreBrazil Culture17445 Words   |  70 PagesCatholic population is the single largest of any country in the world. The green color of the Brazilian flag re presents the rainforest, yellow represents gold which can be found in abundance and blue represents the ocean. Capital Brasilia 15 °45†²S 47 °57†²W Largest City Sao Paulo Offical Languages Portuguese Government Federal Republic President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva Vice President Jose Alencar Gomes da Silva Independence From Portugal Declared September 7, 1822 Recognized August 29, 1825Read MoreTnk-Bp: Tread with Caution10644 Words   |  43 Pagesto require one hour of outside preparation by students. CASE SYNOPSIS BP, one of the largest publicly listed oil companies in the world, had been operating in Russia since 1997, initially through minority stakes in Russian oil companies and, since 2003, through TNK-BP, a 50-50 joint venture with AAR, a consortium of Russian investors. This joint venture allowed BP access to extensive oil reserves in Russia and was one of BP’s most valuable assets, accounting for 25% of BP’s production in 2007. InRead MoreDow Chemical Bid for Pbb Privatization13995 Words   |  56 Pageswas part of a petrochemical complex located in Bahia Blanca, 700 kilometers south of the Argentine capital, Buenos Aires.1 Vignart believed that the acquisition of PBB offered Dow a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to become the leading polyethylene player in Latin America. tC Vignart and Marcer had reviewed Dow headquarters’ projection of polyethylene consumption in Latin America and had built cash flow projections for the project. They now had to incorporate Argentina’s country risk into their modelRead MoreBric Analysis Essay11111 Words   |  45 Pagesthat China and Russia are major powers in the interstate system and India soon will be, the notion of Brazil as a country of global significance retains a sense of the exotic and the incredible. Travel changes this perception; even the briefest of trips to the Americas makes the regional importance of Brazil clear, be it through the profusion of Brazilian pop music in the cantinas of Peru, the ubiquitous oil exploration of Brazil’s state ´ controlled oil-giant Petrobras, or the constant referenceRead More32802493 Essay14729 Words   |  59 PagesFor the exclusive use of S. SWAIN, 2015. 9-713-040 REV: SEPTEMBER 12, 2013 LAURA ALFARO HILARY WHITE Brazil’s Enigma: Sustaining Long-Term Growth Brazil prepares to take a new leap—to grow more and better. To make our model more robust and open in this new development cycle, we will incorporate a new word: competitiveness.1 —Dilma Rousseff On August 15, 2012, Dilma Rousseff, the president of Brazil, unveiled a new stimulus plan, aimed at injecting up to R$133 billion (US$66 billion) into the economyRead MorePolitical Risk Management and Insurance: A Contextual Comparison12751 Words   |  51 Pagespolitical risk exposure has had. Private, national and supranational political risk solution providers to multinational companies will be examined further in the text. The general principle of insurance is to protect against the uncertain. One of the major issues companies are faced with is the uncertainty of the outcome of their undertakings, the chance that something unexpected will yield unfavourable results to their business plans. However, many forms of uncertainty can be reduced to a number of

Accents Speak Louder Than Speech Free Essays

Accents Speak louder than Speech What is an accent? An accent is the way you pronounce words. Everyone has an accent. It is insoluble to speak without one. We will write a custom essay sample on Accents Speak Louder Than Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now You might consider yourself and others not to but you do. Usually you get your ‘accent’ from how, where and when you grew up, but not everyone has the same accent as the people who live around them. It might change without you noticing from new life experiences. Why do places develop different accents? The main reason for this is human nature. Usually we have an accent, which is roughly the same as the people we live with, because we want to fit in. That is how you learn speech by picking up the way people pronounce each letter. If a group separates into two groups, ie. If half move to Island A and the other half to Island B, and they are kept isolated for centuries, the pronunciation will be so different that you could almost say they were speaking different languages. This is what happened an interminable amount of time ago. People had no contact with people who lived far away because there were no phones, no radio, and the only travel was by foot. Another reason is that in the places that other countries invaded such as where the Vikings settled. People were influenced by the way they pronounced the vowels, and that is how the accent adapted. In Lancashire there is a theory that when people used to work in very big noisy cotton mills they had to speak in very loud, high pitched, shrilly voices to be heard and they got used to this and influenced the people around them. There used to be a negative perception of regional accents and RP was favoured, now BBC is positively discriminating in favour of regional accents. British town centres which used to be very different are becoming uniform, but what distinguishes them, are the accents and dialects. Also London is now a big influence to accents in England, because people are commuting in and out every day for work, so accents are disappearing in places such as Oxford, Surrey and Sussex. U and Non-U U stands for upper class and non-u stands for middle class. U’s used a looking glass rather than a mirror, wore spectacles rather than glasses, were richer rather than wealthy. Anyone who was not U for example people who talked about serviettes rather than napkins, would betray themselves as in a U’s view, ‘not one of us’. Toilet was actually a very smart word for Edwardians, then the servants picked it up and used it and it went out of fashion. Being marked as u or non-u is not only about your vocabulary but also about the way you pronounce things, an accent. For example butter is ‘orf’ rather than ‘off’. Also you would say that you have a very nice ‘hice’ rather than home. Today people say that a ‘gentleman’ never pushes a trolley at a supermarket but uses a basket. He never eats between meals, which are breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Received Pronunciation RP is the shortened name for Received Pronunciation. It is regionally described as the regional neutral accent. It is widely used as a reference point in dictionaries and as a model for teaching English as a foreign language. The meaning of Received traditionally was ‘’that which is generally accepted† or â€Å"that accepted by the best society†. When people say that someone hasn’t got an accent it is usually referring to RP. How to cite Accents Speak Louder Than Speech, Essay examples

Assessing the macro - and micro - environmental forces that explain the success of John Lewis free essay sample

John Lewis is a chain of upmarket department stores in the UK. In accessing its success, I critically looked at the macro- and micro- environments of the organization. Here the macroenvironment comprises three major sections: the economic environment, the social and demographic environment, and the technological environment. The purpose of this essay is to assess John Lewis’s success, in relations to the forces within these sub-environments. Furthermore, I assess the links these forces have with John Lewis’s microenvironment. The Macroenvironment The Economic Environment Palmer Hartley (2012) says that ‘Businesses need to keep an eye on indications of a nation’s prosperity’, (p. 10). This is due to the likelihood that during recessionary periods, people’s spending power on goods and services is likely to decline. This might not be the case with John Lewis, as its affluent customers have been ‘less impacted by the economic downturn’, (Dunkley, 2013). However, all customers are likely to become more concerned about whom they spend their money with. Andy Street, the managing director of John Lewis says that ‘When money is tight you’re far more likely to think about who you spend it with†¦the results are based on one word above all else, which is Trust’, (Rowley, 2012). Street then talks about the success of John Lewis in this economy saying ‘In an economic climate which continues to be volatile, to have achieved these results is testimony to the strength of the John Lewis brand’, (Ruddick, 2013). Here the success of John Lewis arises from two main reasons. The first is John Lewis’s main target audience, which consists of the more affluent customers who have proved to be resilient in this economic climate. The organization is able to maintain its success, as their customers’ spending power remains constant regardless of the trends in the economy. The second reason is the John Lewis brand, which is strongly built on trust. Customers are likely to turn to their trusted brands in this economic climate regardless of how affluent they may be. Note that trends in the economy are inevitable and organizations have to respond to these appropriately in order to succeed. John Lewis can be seen as simply benefiting from its intended target audience for the reasons I have mentioned, but I believe that their investments in brand and trust buildings are the main reasons for their success. The Social and Demographic Environments ‘It is suggested that society is becoming increasingly concerned about the ethical values adopted by its business organizations’, (Palmer Hartley, 2012, p. 186). Hence it is important for John Lewis to act and respond appropriately to this social trend. The recent tax avoidance for numerous organizations in the UK has had a beneficial effect on John Lewis. Andy Street publicly expresses the need for the government to deal with multinational organizations, which are paying little to no tax in the country, (Batty, 2012). The publicity of this statement highlights the simple fact that John Lewis is a UK-based organization that are paying taxes, whilst the backdrop comprises other household organizations avoiding them. Street believes that the tax criticisms Amazon. com, Inc. has received spurred the sales of John Lewis saying, ‘I can’t prove it, but it definitely has been good, I’d call it background publicity for us’, (Ruddick, 2012). The increased concern about organizations’ ethics goes beyond the headline-worthy issues such as the tax avoidance. Speaking of John Lewis’s organizational structure, Charlie Mayfield, John Lewis’s chairman, says that ‘Most shoppers will not be able to describe the chain’s unusual structure of the partnership but they’ll say that it’s a good place to work, that we look after our staff well’, (Clark, 2010). Palmer Hartley (2012) says that ‘increasingly large segments of the population take into account the ethics of a firm’s employment practices when evaluating alternative products’, (p. 181). Since John Lewis’s employees are their shareholders, they benefit from annual bonuses. The organization’s ethical employment practices had been publicly highlighted as Nick Clegg encourages other organizations to adopt the ‘John Lewis economy’, (Mason, 2012). Here John Lewis’s success is the result of two different responses to the social trends. Firstly, in the case of the tax avoidance crisis, John Lewis did not succeed from having to respond to any social trend, but instead benefiting from the failure for other organizations to meet them. The second is John Lewis’s unusual structure and its employment practices. This garners a lot of public attention and propels the ethical brand image for the organization, contributing to its success. It is worthy to look at the demographics of the UK in relation to John Lewis’s target audience. In countries such as the UK, the older population is increasing as people are living longer. Studies have shown that older populations are more concerned about the ethics of organizations compared with the younger populations. I believe that this does not only account for more potential customers for John Lewis, but it also increases the trust values, especially due to the current economic and social environments. This ultimately contributes to the success of John Lewis, as there is strong customer retention. The Technological Environment The rapid technological developments have altered the relationship between an organization and its customers. One example is that ‘Technological developments have allowed new methods of distributing goods and services’, (Palmer Hartley, 2012, p. 10). This includes the booming online shopping as shoppers are ‘spending 12. 8% more on the Internet last year than a year earlier’, Neville, 2013). It also highlights that department stores are benefiting the most from this shift to online shopping (Neville, 2013). Initially, online shopping appeared to simply revolutionize the way goods were bought. However, Wallop (2013) reports that the concept of online shopping and delivery did not work out well, as ‘Royal Mail, DHL, and other delivery services were not up to scratch’. As of during the month of December, ‘at least 225,000 parcels each day failed to arrive when promised. Another from Which? , found that 60 per cent of people shopping online shopping online last year had problems with delivery’, (Neville, 2013). This is when John Lewis responded to this problem with the development of Click Collect. This new scheme consists of placing and pays for an order online, then picking up the goods from the Customer Collection Point chosen by the shopper. Neil Saunders, the managing director of Conlumino says that ‘The reason click and collect took off over Christmas was because it solves the age-old problem of the ‘final mile’ of delivery. People just don’t like waiting in for deliveries, but most are happy to pick up from their local high street’, (Neville, 2013). This has proven a success for John Lewis as orders have doubled between 2012 and 2013, ‘accounting for 35% of online sales’, (Butler, 2013). Karen Dracou explains ‘Customers love the fact that they are in control and can decide where and when to collect’, (Knight, 2013). Here the success of John Lewis is due to its ability to spot the shift to online shopping. Furthermore, it also notices the trends in problems regarding online shopping and delivery, and successfully meet customers’ needs by developing Click and Collect. Technology also means that it is easier to gain exposure of unethical business practice as there is ‘expending media availability and an increasingly intelligent audience’, (Palmer Hartley, 2012, p. 186). Hence the trends in the technological environment are inextricably linked to the trends in the social and demographic environment. In this case, technology helps customers to know about John Lewis’s ethical practices and other organizations’ unethical practices, and thus propelling the success for John Lewis. Microenvironment Customers Customers have the utmost importance in determining the success of organizations as ‘no customers mean no business’, (Palmer Hartley, 2012, p. 31). Hence it is vital to respond appropriately to the changing needs of customers. Indeed this is what the analysis in the macroenvironment section has been trying to highlight. The Economic Environment means that customers, affluent or not, require a brand that they can trust. John Lewis succeeds by providing the customers with the trust values they are looking for in order to spend. The Social Environment means that customers prefer to shop from ethical organizations and John Lewis had gone to highlight its ethics, both implicitly and explicitly. The Technological Environment means that customers require new ways of purchasing goods and John Lewis’s Click and Collect has been proven a success. Suppliers The relationship between John Lewis and its suppliers contributes to its success in a number of ways. The available technology means that goods can be made overseas, at a lower cost. Because of the customers’ increased concern in organizations’ ethics, John Lewis had improved its relationship with its suppliers. John Lewis is aiming to invest ‘at least ? 500,00 over the next three years in projects that will boost sustainability within its supply chain as well as education and employment projects’, (Butler, 2012). This includes a project of providing a training program for cotton farmers in India. Palmer Hartley (2012) says that society has rising expectations for organizations to be friendly to their local communities by supporting their local suppliers. John Lewis initially invested in these projects as the supply for cotton was becoming scarce as prices were raised. Hence by doing this, John Lewis benefits from its relationship with the suppliers in two ways. First is that there is an increased level of security in their supply of cotton. Second is that the organization also benefits from helping local suppliers, which in this case is the cotton farms in India. John Lewis benefits from meeting society’s expectations and is seen as an ethical organization. Competitors In a highly competitive market, it is vital to understand you competitors. As I have mentioned, John Lewis had adopted several strategies in response to the trends in the macroenvironment. These strategies are the main reason why John Lewis is ahead of its competitors. Other reasons may include the speed of adopting these strategies. One example is the shift to online shopping and John Lewis responds speedily and successfully to this, putting it in the dominant sector in online shopping. This is a First Mover Advantage as it is one of the first organizations to successfully shift to online shopping. Hence this could be another reason for the success of John Lewis in relations to its competitors. Conclusion In summary, I have critically assessed the macro- and micro- environments of John Lewis in trying to understand its success. Within the macroenvironment, I have analyzed how John Lewis has successfully responded to the changing trends within: the economic environment, the social and demographic environment, and the technological environment. It is the appropriate responses to these trends that made John Lewis successful as they are all linked to what the customers need. I have also made links between the macroenvironment and the micro-environmental factors: customers, suppliers, and competitors. John Lewis has to also have appropriate relationships with these other organizations and individuals in order to be successful.